The Tragedy of Xenotransplantation :: Transplants Medical Essays

The Tragedy of Xenotransplantation Background and challenges In 1954, surgeon Joseph Murray started a revolution in the Medical industry by performing the first human organ transplant, a kidney transplant between identical twins(1). Initially, allotransplantation received some hindrance due to the ability of the human immune system to reject any foreign object. With the introduction of cyclosporin, a powerful drug that minimizes the rejection of foreign tissue, allotransplantion possibilities have expanded spectacularly(3). It is no longer necessary to have an exact match of certain blood type markers for a successful human transplant. This means organs from unrelated people can be used. Recipients have a good chance today of living at least five years with an allograft. These days organ transplantation is a norm. Each year about 20,000 Americans receive life saving transplants of heart, kidneys , liver or lungs. Today, allotransplantation faces a significant challenge because the need for this procedure far exceeds the av ailability of donor organs. Each day, approximately 10 Americans breathe their last breath waiting for organs to become available. To meet this scarcity of human organs, doctors along with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are investigating an alternative to allotransplantation, xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation, (xeno) is a greek word meaning â€Å"stranger†, involves transplanting or grafting of animal organs, tissues, or cells to replace failing organs or to treat disease in humans. These transplanted or grafted organ, tissue, or cell is called a xenotransplant or xenograft. As documented in Table 1, the concept of xenotransplantation dates as back as 1682, but it was not until the 1960's that the technological world stimulated this idea for whole organ transplant. In 1963, Keith Reemtsma transplanted chimpanzee kidneys into thirteen patients. Also, in 1964 Hardy and colleagues from the University of Mississippi used a chimpanzee’s heart as a xenograft. The patients did not survive for long but the transplanted organs showed no sign of rejection. This success inspired more research and development in xenotransplantation, which resulted in the use of this process for therapeutic effects, such as bone marrow transplant in AIDS patients. Although, both whole organ and bone marrow transplants received limited success, the use of pig's heart valves to repair human hearts and porcine pancreatic islet cells to treat diabetes raises the hopes of scientists that someday whole organ xenotransplantation will be possible.

Masks of Eternity Essay

In the episode â€Å"Masks of Eternity,† Joseph Campbell explains the godliness of self. He explains ideas about the past versus the present and the common ways of thinking that have changed the way messages are viewed and interpreted. He goes over the ideas of the inner Christ, the significance of the circle, and peak experiences. Campbell speaks of an inner Christ in all people. It is not a connection to God, but a oneness with him; meaning that you become a part of God. He explains it as the difference of an individual life, meaning the life of the person, and the all encompassing life, meaning the life that turns the world and all other things. He tells of finding it through meditation, finding that center of yourself that can feel a connection to the life around you and the realization that all things are connected and caused by one another. Campbell interprets the things he was taught as a child, about the angel and the demon on either side of him, as the urges that push our decisions in one direction or the other. These energies, he says, come from the different organs of the body. Each needs something different, and the urges that arise are about what is needed most. Campbell also speaks of the significance of the circle. Each culture has some form of importance in the shape of the circle. He talks about the way Native Americans built their villages in the shape of a circle, the way Aztecs made a circular calendar, and the way that each culture put itself in the center of that circle. He talks about ancient cultures believing that everything generates around a specific point, orbiting around it. Campbell also speaks of time going in a circle. In ancient times, it was seen as a reoccurring aspect of life, summer, fall, winter, spring. All things ended and began anew in a pattern. Now, though, time is seen as a straight line. Clocks make us realize that time is flowing past and will never come again. Before, death was looked at as a rebirth; now it is simply looked at as the end. Peak experiences, as Campbell explains, are moments where you can feel the harmony of being alive. For him, it was a race in Colombia. He said he could feel that he was going to win the race, not even because he was winning, but because he could feel it within himself. He explains peak experiences as being in a state of mind that allows you to see your outer most limits and obtain your maximum potential. He goes on to say that not all peak experiences are physical. Some can simply be a thought or realization that changes your outlook on life or solving a problem. Some peak experiences are not the highest points of your life. A life can have many peak experiences as long as you feel that you are at one with yourself and what you are accomplishing. Personally, I understand the inner Christ, not as a connection to the life around us, but a working understanding of the path God has set out for us. I can understand the ideas behind this belief in the inner Christ and the idea that Jesus may have found his inner connection with life, but I do not agree with it. I believe that The feeling they are referring to is the feeling that comes with following Gods path, whether you know him as your savior or not. The idea of the circle on the other hand, I can understand completely. Time feels like it is flowing by without slowing, but there is always the chance of next time. Next time I’ll get that raise; next time I’ll win; next time I will do better. Time isn’t a perfect circle to me, but neither is it a straight line. It is a looping flow, cork screwing back onto itself. My peak realization in life so far was the creation of an art piece in high school. I was working on a drawing of a tree, creating every painstaking detail, and all the time, I knew that I was going to be proud of it; that I was going to get it right. I felt accomplished without having yet accomplishing anything. To this day, I can look at no other piece I have finished and count it as my best.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1075 Words

American dream was a constant topic all over the world. In different period there were different definitions of American dream. In the early of time, it concluded some elements about equal, right and freedom. These were basic of American dream. People had equally right and had freedom belief. In the American, there were many chances to get rich and people hoped to seek the good life. But with the developed of the economy, American dream had new definition. American dream gradually became to seek a quickly way to get rich rather than trying their hard to get rich. Also this was the period after the second war, and people enjoyed the happy life and wealth life. The young generation was addicted to American dream and crazy to accumulate†¦show more content†¦During this meeting, the love between Gatsby and Daisy was revived, and then they began an affair. After that, Nick learned the true story of Gatsby’s past. He was born in poor family, so he changed his name at the ag e of seventeen. And when he met Daisy in a part he fell in love with her at once, but due to many reasons he did not marry with Daisy. Now he had a great deal of money and wanted to win back Daisy. After Gatsby and Daisy discussed, Daisy invited Gatsby, Nick and Jordan to lunch at her house. And they wanted to tell the truth to Daisy’s husband. After lunch, they drove to the Plaza Hotel in the city. In the hotel, Tom and Gatsby had a bitter confrontation and this made Daisy lost control of her emotions. And then Tom permitted Gatsby to drive Daisy back to East Egg. On the trip back to East Egg, Gatsby allowed Daisy to drive the car. But when they passed Wilson’s garage, Daisy in order to avoid another car and hit Myrtle, who was killed instantly. George Wilson was the husband of Myrtle and he wanted to find the killer, Tom Buchanan told him that Gatsby was the driver of the car. Then Wilson shot Gatsby before committing suicide himself. After the murder, Daisy and Tom left town to avoid their responsible. Nick organize Gatsby’s funeral, but found no one cared for Gatsby and attended the funeral. Nick seek out Gatsby’s father, and brought him to New York for the funeral. In the end Nick left New York with disappointed of

Astrology On Human Affairs And The Natural World - 1657 Words

Astrology There are many components to Astrology that some people do not know of. Although it is believed throughout the world, there is hardly any scientific proof of it. What I mean by ‘hardly any’ is that the only evidence is the constellations of the stars that have been named zodiac sign names. Now what is Astrology you may ask? Well is it the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world (google.com). The basic things you need to know about Astrology and the most recognized thing is the Zodiac signs. The word Zodiac literally means animals and refers to the patterns of creatures as seen in the stars at night (oxforddictionary.com). There are 12 signs that have certain times each one takes place. The 12 signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. People believe that different signs represent different characteristi cs and talents. These are the dates for each Zodiac sign: Aquarius Jan. 21-Feb. 19, Pisces Feb. 20-March 20, Aries March 21-April 20, Taurus April 21-May 21, Gemini May 22-June 21, Cancer June 22- July 22, Leo July 23-Aug. 21, Virgo Aug.22- Sept. 23, Libra Sept. 24- Oct. 23, Scorpio Oct. 24- Nov. 22, Sagittarius Nov. 23-Dec. 22, and at last Capricorn Dec. 23-Jan. 20. The next step in learning about Astrology is the Element signs. The four elements, Fire, Earth, Air, and Water, each represent aShow MoreRelatedAstrological Emptiness in Steve Almond’s â€Å"The Problem of Human Consumption791 Words   |  4 PagesIn Steve Almond’s story â€Å"The Problem of Human Consumption†, it revolves around the theme of loss, morning, and grief. Almond’s story focuses on a widowed father who is passed on to raise his daughter single handily. The story discussed a day in which feelings of morning and deception are brought out among the characters. The feelings of loss, morning and grief in this story have greatly manifested the way this story was written and interpreted. After breaking down Almond’s story and reanalyzing itRead MoreAstrology : A Time Of Rebirth Of New And Improved Ideas1187 Words   |  5 Pagesimproved ideas. New interests developed. Many things and people made an impact on the Renaissance. One of those things is astrology. Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world, according to the dictionary. â€Å"From its origins 4,000 years ago in Babylonia and Chaldea astrology developed into a science of great complexity, capable of detailed and precise predictions† (renaissanceastrology.com)Read MoreAstronomy a Science, Astrology a Pseudo-Science547 Words   |  2 Pagesas obtained and tested through scientific method and concerned with the physical world. According to the TOK book, astronomy is considered a science and astrology a pseudo science. Do you agree? Before I start discussing this statement, we should know what science, pseudo-science and astronomy, astrology really is. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence. pseudo-science is a conceptRead MoreAbu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruri Essay2360 Words   |  10 Pageswar of the time. The events at that time went in a way that al-Biruni himself described them as: â€Å"After I had barely settled down for a few years, I was permitted by the Lord of Time to go back home, but I was compelled to participate in worldly affairs, which excited the envy of fools, but which made the wise pity me.† [1] Al-Biruni was a great Muslim scientist in his era and his books and theories are still subjects of study in higher level educations, i.e. Masters and PhD. His mathematical andRead More Astrology Essay3475 Words   |  14 Pages The basic astrological assumptions are not hard to grasp. For if astronomy is the study of the movements of the heavenly bodies, then astrology is the study of the effects of those movements. The astronomers of the ancient world assumed a division of the universe whereby the superior, immutable bodies of the celestial worlds ruled over the terrestrial or sublunary sphere, where all was mortality and change. It was assumed that the stars had special qualities and influences which were transmittedRead MoreMayan Culture vs. the Seven Dimensions of Religion1038 Words   |  5 PagesMayan Culture vs. the Seven Dimensions of Religion Since the dawn of humanity, human beings have been contemplating the meaning of life, searching for answers to make sense of their existence. Even ancient people tried to answer the same taunting questions about their purpose on earth and the questions about the world, which people nowadays search for. Thus, in seeking the answers, ancient people created religions, usually based on their understanding of cosmology. Cosmology is a general understandingRead More Comparing Fortune and Nature in Canterbury Tales and As You Like It807 Words   |  4 PagesFortune and Nature in Canterbury Tales and As You Like It The medieval world was a complicated place, full of the chain of being, astrological influences, elements and humors. A mans life was supposedly influenced by all manner of externals acting by destiny or chance. Fortune and Nature are two terms that include many of these factors, representing chance and inborn qualities. Shakespeare mentions the two frequently, most notably in an extended dialogue between Rosalind and Celia inRead MoreChristian Worldview Paper 11896 Words   |  8 Pagesworldview that can form questions. The first component is cosmology; the explanation of the world is a worldview that is focused on where a person came from. The teleology explanation of the world is a worldview that is focused on purpose and meaning. The epistemology explanation of the world is a worldview that is focused on knowledge and truth. The last component is axiology, which says the explanation of the world is focused on morality and values. After developing a question, the next step isRead MoreVarious Topics incomplete1893 Words   |  8 PagesEssay Exam #1 1. List and analyze the difference between the new scientific views of the world and traditional medieval views. How did standards for ascertaining the â€Å"truth† differ between these two perspectives? Medieval techniques for ascertaining truth differed greatly from scientific views, mostly in part to what was taught in the Middle Ages by the church. Medieval traditional views put more faith in made up truths to fit their own religious dogmas or referring to long trusted authoritiesRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesMoon: â€Å"On the Creation, Proportion and Composition of the Heavens for the Fashioning of Images† VI. The Picatrix: Lunar Mansions in Western Astrology VII. W. B. Yeats and â€Å"A Vision:† The Arab Mansions of the Moon On Ritual and Talismans Picatrix Astrological Magic Aphorisms Extracts on Planetary Ritual Clothing Twenty Two Benefic Astrological Talismans Astrology, Magical Talismans and the Mansions of the Moon Ritual of Jupiter An Astrological Election of Mercury in the First Face of Virgo for Wealth

The Accomplishments Of Edmund Kean - 1513 Words

Edmund Kean, one of the greatest and most historic British actors to ever live. Kean might have been born on March 17th in the year of 1789,and I say might have because no one really knows when he was born. The exact date of his birth has been a mystery for what seems like forever now, and as the years keep going, the chance of this mystery being solved becomes less and less possible. We’re at the point now where we’ll probably never find out when Edmund Kean was born, all we have is a rough estimate at the moment. He had a turbulent life and therefore he also used that to his advantage by being a turbulent genius and was recognized for his megalomania and his erotic behavior which caused him being a villain it mostly every Shakespearean play he took part in. (Britannica). Something that has actually been proven was that his birth mother was a lady named Ann Carey, she was actually an actress. His father was Edmund Kean the first, He died at a very young age after havin g his son. He was a reckless youth and ended up killing himself at a young age of twenty two years of age. After Kean’s death, the young boy was pretty much adopted by his fathers oldest brother, Moses Keen and his wife Charlotte Tidswell. He was a part time member of the Drury Lane Theater Comapany, and work the play named The 11th Duke of Norfolk.(Brittanica).Charlotte Tidswell really worked hard at trying to make young Kean to grow up and be a very well educated and mannered person, but her attempts

Terrorism And Society Free Essays

Although ‘terrorism† originally referred to acts committed by a gwernment, currently It usually refers to the killing of innocent people for political purposes In such a way as to reate a media spectacle. This meaning can be traced back to Sergey Nechayev, who described himself as a â€Å"terrorist†. Nechayev founded the Russian terrorist group ‘People’s Retribution† in 1869. We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism And Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now In November 2004. a United Nations Secretary General report described terrorism as any act ‘†intended to cause death or serious ph population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act†. Pejorative Use The terms â€Å"terrorism† and â€Å"terrorist† (someone who engages in terrorism) carry strong negative connotations. These terms are often used as political labels, to condemn violence or the threat of violence by certain actors as immoral, indiscriminate, unjustified or to condemn an entire segment of a population. Those labeled â€Å"terrorists† by their opponents rarely identify themselves as such, and typically use other terms or terms specific to their situation, such as separatist, freedom fighter. On the question of whether particular terrorist acts, such as killing civilians, can be Justified as the lesser evil in a particular circumstance, philosophers have expressed different views: while, according to David Rodin, utilitarian philosophers can (in theory) conceive of cases in which the evil of terrorism is outweighed by the good which could not be achieved in a less morally costly way, in practice the â€Å"harmful effects of undermining the convention of non- combatant immunity is thought to outweigh the goods that may be achieved by particular acts of terrorism†. Among the non-utilitarian philosophers, Michael Walzer argued that terrorism can be morally Justified in only one specific case: when â€Å"a nation or community faces the extreme threat of complete destruction and the nly way it can preserve itself is by intentionally targeting non-combatants, then it is morally entitled to do so. Motivation Of Terrorism Attacks on ‘collaborators’ are used to intimidate people from cooperating with the state in order to undermine state control. This strategy was used in the USA in its War of Independence and in Ireland, in Kenya, in Algeria and in Cyprus during their independence struggles. Attacks on high profile symbolic targets are used to incite counter-terrorism by the state to polarise the population. This strategy was used by A1 Qaeda in its attacks on the USA in September 2001. These attacks are also used to draw international attention to struggles which are otherwise unreported such as the Palestinian airplane hijackings in 1970 and the South Moluccan hostage crises in the Netherlands in 1975. Abraham suggests that terrorist organizations do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness. Individual terrorists tend to be motivated more by a desire for social solidarity with other members of their organization than by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are often murky and undefined. Religious Terrorism Religious terrorism is terrorism performed by groups or individuals, the motivation of which is typically rooted in faith-based tenets. Terrorist acts throughout the centuries have been performed on religious grounds with the hope to either spread or enforce a system of belief, viewpoint or opinion. Religious terrorism does not in itself necessarily define a specific religious standpoint or view, but instead usually defines Terrorism in India A common definition of terrorism is the systematic use or threatened use of violence to intimidate a population or government and thereby effect political, religious, r ideological change. Terrorism in India, according to the Home Ministry, poses a significant threat to the state. Terrorism in India are basically two types external and internal, external terrorism emerge from neighbouring countries and internal terrorism emulates from religious or communal violence and Naxalite-Maoist insurgency. Terror activities involve either Indian or foreign citizens. The regions with long term terrorist activities today are Jammu and Kashmir, Mumbai, Central India (Naxalism) and the Seven Sister States(independence and autonomy movements). How to cite Terrorism And Society, Papers

Negative Publicity Effect Business Founder -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Negative Publicity Effect Business Founder? Answer: Introduction Communication can be considered one of the most basic and fundamental factors or variables that affect the environment drastically. It has to be understood in this context that communication can be of two broad types, verbal and nonverbal. Although the verbal communication holds the most importance in conversational settings, nonverbal communication also plays a profound role in exposing how the particular person feels and in turn forms the foundation of the comfort level of any conversational settings. It has to be understood that the in case of corporate settings the importance of nonverbal communication is even more heightened. We must consider fact that the in the present day multicultural professional settings, a vast financial of different individuals have to work in a collaborative interdependent manner. Hence, having am effective nonverbal communication is going to be very beneficial for the corporate professional to build on their soft skills better (Aqueveque and Encina 201 0). Now, nonverbal communication has five key elements of aspects and an individual will have to focus on all the five elements in order to be able to develop their nonverbal communication skills. The very first aspect of non-verbal communication is the body language that the individual, there are different aspects of body language, such as eye contact, facial expression and posture. It is very important to maintain eye contact when one is conversing with others; it showcases interest and commitment in the conversation which in turn enhances the comfort level and energy of the entire conversational setting (Burgoon, Guerrero and Floyd 2016). For instance, while giving a presentation, maintaining eye contact can be very effective to hold the attention and engagement of the audience. The next element is the personal appearance, which bears immense impact on the nonverbal communicational aspect. It has to be understood that in corporate setting, a speaker often represents the company and it is crucial for the individual to be well dressed and coiffed. In this case, posture plays a crucial role in improving the dynamics of the communication. For instance, a rigid and formal posture often gives away a sense of sincerity and confidence in corporate dealings. Touch can be considered as the second most important element of nonverbal communication and this mode of communication is known as haptic communication. For example, a customary hand shake or a pat on the back can be warm gestures that can lift up the mood of an otherwise formal conversation effectively (Knapp, Hall and Horgan 2013). The fourth element that the corporate professionals need to focus on is the right and subsequent usage of time and space. There is a right time for every conversation, which is a basic conversational etiquette we have all learned, however along with time, paying acute attention to the proximity of the individuals we are communicating with is also a very crucial contributing factor. It has to be understood that in case of a corporate setting, there are people from a varied range of cultural backgrounds working together and each of the cultures have various traditional values and customs; and proximity can be considered insulting or intimidating in ethnic cultures. Hence, in both professional and personal setting the proper use time and space has to be maintained effectively (Lemonnier 2012). For instance, in a meeting with personnel belonging to a Confucian society, maintaining distance and punctuality will be imperative. The very last crucial element of non- verbal communication is the optimal use of vocal characteristics, now the term vocal characteristics takes into consideration the tone of voice, pitch, volume, intonation, and tonal quality. In both professional and personal setting, the vocal characteristics play a crucial role in defining the nature of the communication, whether it is compassionate or assertive. It has to be understood that these vocal characteristics will vary depending upon the kind of conversation required, whether it is a public speaking in a seminar or presentation or is a one to one conversation. In case of a scenario involving conflict resolution, maintaining firm, assertive yet compassionate vocal characteristics is important, so that a point of solution is reached and the parties involved in conflict are not offended either. Hence, these are a few elements that play a profound role in designing and developing the non verbal communication and help in progressive career growth (Sauter et al. 2010). References: Aqueveque, Claudio, and Catherine Encina. "Corporate behavior, social cynicism, and their effect on individuals perceptions of the company."Journal of Business Ethics91, no. 2 (2010): 311-324. Burgoon, Judee K., Laura K. Guerrero, and Kory Floyd.Nonverbal communication. Routledge, 2016. Knapp, Mark L., Judith A. Hall, and Terrence G. Horgan.Nonverbal communication in human interaction. Cengage Learning, 2013. Leathers, Dale G., and Michael Eaves.Successful nonverbal communication: Principles and applications. Routledge, 2015. Lemonnier, Pierre.Mundane objects: Materiality and non-verbal communication. Vol. 10. Left Coast Press, 2012. Sauter, Disa A., Frank Eisner, Paul Ekman, and Sophie K. Scott. "Cross-cultural recognition of basic economics through nonverbal emotional vocalizations."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences107, no. 6 (2010): 2408-2412. Siegman, Aaron W., and Stanley Feldstein, eds.Nonverbal behavior and communication. Psychology Press, 2014. Zhu, Dong-Hong, and Ya-Ping Chang. "Negative publicity effect of the business founders unethical behavior on corporate image: Evidence from China."Journal of business ethics117, no. 1 (2013): 111-121.